Annotated Bibliography
On the surface of minor and professional sports, it’s obvious to see the differences in performance, expectations, and even monetary value between men and women. This research study takes a look at gender roles in two major French sports in women’s boxing and soccer; how will these influences affect women in sports in the future. Calling on well known sociologist Bourdie’s theories on social habituation, the article states that many women conform to the gender norms that are learned at young ages but this research shows the connection between overcoming these norms and overall success. As a result, beyond just touching on the basics of what we can see of unequal grey areas is the mention of how accepting everyone has become of it. Mennesson uses the term “disposition” constantly as a way to express the habit forming behavior of our view on women’s sports.
Mennesson, C. (2012). Gender Regimes and Habitus: An Avenue for Analyzing Gender Building in Sports Contexts. Sociology Of Sport Journal, 29(1), 4-21.
http://ehis.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=94473758-1fa9-4a50-9102-cda1f2e070be%40sessionmgr14&vid=3&hid=4
In the summer of 2012, young Chinese swimmer Ye Shiwen took home the gold medal in one of the most notoriously difficult events of the swimming portion of the Olympics. Even more impressively, she smashed the world record and in the process turned heads to the fact that her last lap of the event was faster than popular American male swimmer, Ryan Lochte. The following is a news article following the excitement and controversy behind her swim. It’s important to note the mass skepticism coming from officials and management figures, all based on the fact that she outperformed a male swimmer. This shows the well-established impulse to point an accusatory finger at a female who obtains monumental progress in her field of work, even in just a smaller portion of a much bigger event; Shiwen’s outstanding performance was only in the last 12.5% of the race.
Longman, J. (2012) China Pool Prodigy Churns Wave of Speculation
NY Times. Retrieved, April 13, 2012.
Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/sports/olympics/chinese-swimmers-record-raises-doping-concerns.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Dr. Mae Jemison spoke at a hearing on the Title IX delegation that sought to improve on the availabilities for gender equality in sports participation. Where there once stood funding for typically male dominated options, is now a mandatory equal opportunity act requiring schools to cut certain male sports and educational programs to provide for the women. She talks about the lack of inclusiveness growing up as an African American girl, and the positive impact of Title IX on a large scale across the country. The need for Title IX will not cease until it has become naturally accepted that women need just as many opportunities as their counterparts in team sports and organizations.
Jemson, Dr. Mae C. “If Title IX Achieves Its Full Potential.” (2012).
Vital Speeches of the Day, 78(9), 276-281.
http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Jemison.pdf
Following Title IX, which promotes itself within the schools, is the lack of inclusion for women at the professional level. Social acceptance of the belief that women are inherently weaker than men, leads to a sort of discouragement for joining. This Journal holds that women’s sports are greatly overlooked because we don’t see the entertainment in a woman playing a game. The author makes note of the fact that beginning in the early 20th century the inclusion of women proved an advancement in the belief that they could compete on a massive level. Since then, however, there has been an inconsistent amount of support both morally and financially for the progression of women at a professional athletic level. After a brief history of women in the world of sports the author concludes with a look into the specifics behind the female athlete’s from India. Even just recently there were hardships for women to face in their country in regards to sports, but progress is showing that their society is ready to rally around and support them at any given moment.
M.Chandel, A. (2012). Role Of Women In Phyical Education And Sports.
Indian Streams Research Journal, 2(8), 1-4. Text.
In society today, the equality between men and women has still been an issue. The following news article explains how women’s salaries are lower than men’s salaries in professional basketball. It states how a single chromosome is the only genetic difference between a man and a woman, so the pay between the two should not be as big of a difference as it is. It explains how Kevin Garnett and Indiana Fever both are great basketball players and he makes $21 million without endorsements and she only makes around $3 to $4 million with endorsements. There is such a huge difference between the pay between the two leagues. The article states, “Today, the estimated median salary — half the players make more than that — is $2.5 million. The league minimum is $473,604. The salary cap for an entire WNBA team of 11 players is $878,000.” The amount that a female gets paid in the league will more than likely raise within the next few years. It may never get as high as the male’s pay with it will indeed increase.
Woods, David (2012) “Equal Pay? Not on the Basketball Court”
USA Today. Retrieved, April 12, 2013
Retrieved from
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/story/2012-05-19/nba-wnba-basketball-salary-disparity/55079608/1
Unlike the other article, this one discuss the difference between the salaries of men and women in different types of professional sports and not just basketball. It shows that in a skateboarding event, the female gold medalist that won received 1/25th of the amount of money that the male received for the mens event. The article goes on to compare the earnings in different sports between the two sexes. It states, “The total purse available for professional bowling for the years 1996-2000 was $7,433,000.00 for males and $2,278,000.00 for females. The average earnings of the top 10 professional golfers for the years 1996 – 2000 was
$2,196,000.00 for males and $781,056.00 for females.” These prices show how big of a difference the pay is.
Frankl, Daniel (nd) “Women in Sports: Separate and Not Equal”
Gender Bias in Sports. Retrieved, April 12, 2013
http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin375/PDF/Gender_Bias_in_Sport.pdf
Revealing Women’s Uniforms
In feminine sports today, female’s uniforms have been displaying a lot of skin like never before. Athletes describe their revealing uniforms in multiple ways. Runners describe their uniforms as ‘butt-huggers’, gymnast describes their uniforms as bathing suits, and tennis players describe their uniforms as miniskirts. During televised volleyball games, their uniforms resemble bikinis than does any other sports’ attire. This article reflects that from a feminist point of view, this trend displays a large-scale acceptance of women athletes in the attempt to be both athletic and sexy. This idea demands that the female athletic body be both muscular and toned. Tight and revealing clothing reflects the mechanization of the body, which then makes the body something to be sculpted and shaped to fit a particular profile idealized by the activity.
Sarah McCullough (2007) “Construction of the Female Athletic Body: A Study of Women's Sport Uniforms”
Retrieved on April 12, 2013.
Retrieved from
http://books.google.com/books?id=ojp42Q-ihI4C&pg=PA61&dq=sports+uniforms+are+revealing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E8JpUcXIAYH48gTC44GIDg&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=sports%20uniforms%20are%20revealing&f=false
Volleyball’s revealing uniform accentuates the limbs and the torso of the women. Female’s put in revealing uniforms and tight outfits not only continues to justify women as sexual objects, but it adds to the social stereotype that volleyball players (and women of any other sport) are to have a desired body type and/or height. As this article points out, not all women’s sports conform. Basketball is well noted for the player’s lack of accentuating a consistency with the pattern of displaying women as sexual objects. As a result, however, we see Basketball become one of the most notoriously unwatched of all women’s sports, especially in comparison to one such as tennis or gymnastics where uniforms promote female figures. Because of such revealing clothes, women have become sexualized in combination with their achievements instead of their raw talents being the main reason for their achievements.
Chan, Susan K. O’Reilly, Jean. (2007) “Women and Sports in the United States”
Northeastern University Press. Lebanon, NH. Text.
On the surface of minor and professional sports, it’s obvious to see the differences in performance, expectations, and even monetary value between men and women. This research study takes a look at gender roles in two major French sports in women’s boxing and soccer; how will these influences affect women in sports in the future. Calling on well known sociologist Bourdie’s theories on social habituation, the article states that many women conform to the gender norms that are learned at young ages but this research shows the connection between overcoming these norms and overall success. As a result, beyond just touching on the basics of what we can see of unequal grey areas is the mention of how accepting everyone has become of it. Mennesson uses the term “disposition” constantly as a way to express the habit forming behavior of our view on women’s sports.
Mennesson, C. (2012). Gender Regimes and Habitus: An Avenue for Analyzing Gender Building in Sports Contexts. Sociology Of Sport Journal, 29(1), 4-21.
http://ehis.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=94473758-1fa9-4a50-9102-cda1f2e070be%40sessionmgr14&vid=3&hid=4
In the summer of 2012, young Chinese swimmer Ye Shiwen took home the gold medal in one of the most notoriously difficult events of the swimming portion of the Olympics. Even more impressively, she smashed the world record and in the process turned heads to the fact that her last lap of the event was faster than popular American male swimmer, Ryan Lochte. The following is a news article following the excitement and controversy behind her swim. It’s important to note the mass skepticism coming from officials and management figures, all based on the fact that she outperformed a male swimmer. This shows the well-established impulse to point an accusatory finger at a female who obtains monumental progress in her field of work, even in just a smaller portion of a much bigger event; Shiwen’s outstanding performance was only in the last 12.5% of the race.
Longman, J. (2012) China Pool Prodigy Churns Wave of Speculation
NY Times. Retrieved, April 13, 2012.
Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/sports/olympics/chinese-swimmers-record-raises-doping-concerns.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Dr. Mae Jemison spoke at a hearing on the Title IX delegation that sought to improve on the availabilities for gender equality in sports participation. Where there once stood funding for typically male dominated options, is now a mandatory equal opportunity act requiring schools to cut certain male sports and educational programs to provide for the women. She talks about the lack of inclusiveness growing up as an African American girl, and the positive impact of Title IX on a large scale across the country. The need for Title IX will not cease until it has become naturally accepted that women need just as many opportunities as their counterparts in team sports and organizations.
Jemson, Dr. Mae C. “If Title IX Achieves Its Full Potential.” (2012).
Vital Speeches of the Day, 78(9), 276-281.
http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Jemison.pdf
Following Title IX, which promotes itself within the schools, is the lack of inclusion for women at the professional level. Social acceptance of the belief that women are inherently weaker than men, leads to a sort of discouragement for joining. This Journal holds that women’s sports are greatly overlooked because we don’t see the entertainment in a woman playing a game. The author makes note of the fact that beginning in the early 20th century the inclusion of women proved an advancement in the belief that they could compete on a massive level. Since then, however, there has been an inconsistent amount of support both morally and financially for the progression of women at a professional athletic level. After a brief history of women in the world of sports the author concludes with a look into the specifics behind the female athlete’s from India. Even just recently there were hardships for women to face in their country in regards to sports, but progress is showing that their society is ready to rally around and support them at any given moment.
M.Chandel, A. (2012). Role Of Women In Phyical Education And Sports.
Indian Streams Research Journal, 2(8), 1-4. Text.
In society today, the equality between men and women has still been an issue. The following news article explains how women’s salaries are lower than men’s salaries in professional basketball. It states how a single chromosome is the only genetic difference between a man and a woman, so the pay between the two should not be as big of a difference as it is. It explains how Kevin Garnett and Indiana Fever both are great basketball players and he makes $21 million without endorsements and she only makes around $3 to $4 million with endorsements. There is such a huge difference between the pay between the two leagues. The article states, “Today, the estimated median salary — half the players make more than that — is $2.5 million. The league minimum is $473,604. The salary cap for an entire WNBA team of 11 players is $878,000.” The amount that a female gets paid in the league will more than likely raise within the next few years. It may never get as high as the male’s pay with it will indeed increase.
Woods, David (2012) “Equal Pay? Not on the Basketball Court”
USA Today. Retrieved, April 12, 2013
Retrieved from
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/story/2012-05-19/nba-wnba-basketball-salary-disparity/55079608/1
Unlike the other article, this one discuss the difference between the salaries of men and women in different types of professional sports and not just basketball. It shows that in a skateboarding event, the female gold medalist that won received 1/25th of the amount of money that the male received for the mens event. The article goes on to compare the earnings in different sports between the two sexes. It states, “The total purse available for professional bowling for the years 1996-2000 was $7,433,000.00 for males and $2,278,000.00 for females. The average earnings of the top 10 professional golfers for the years 1996 – 2000 was
$2,196,000.00 for males and $781,056.00 for females.” These prices show how big of a difference the pay is.
Frankl, Daniel (nd) “Women in Sports: Separate and Not Equal”
Gender Bias in Sports. Retrieved, April 12, 2013
http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin375/PDF/Gender_Bias_in_Sport.pdf
Revealing Women’s Uniforms
In feminine sports today, female’s uniforms have been displaying a lot of skin like never before. Athletes describe their revealing uniforms in multiple ways. Runners describe their uniforms as ‘butt-huggers’, gymnast describes their uniforms as bathing suits, and tennis players describe their uniforms as miniskirts. During televised volleyball games, their uniforms resemble bikinis than does any other sports’ attire. This article reflects that from a feminist point of view, this trend displays a large-scale acceptance of women athletes in the attempt to be both athletic and sexy. This idea demands that the female athletic body be both muscular and toned. Tight and revealing clothing reflects the mechanization of the body, which then makes the body something to be sculpted and shaped to fit a particular profile idealized by the activity.
Sarah McCullough (2007) “Construction of the Female Athletic Body: A Study of Women's Sport Uniforms”
Retrieved on April 12, 2013.
Retrieved from
http://books.google.com/books?id=ojp42Q-ihI4C&pg=PA61&dq=sports+uniforms+are+revealing&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E8JpUcXIAYH48gTC44GIDg&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=sports%20uniforms%20are%20revealing&f=false
Volleyball’s revealing uniform accentuates the limbs and the torso of the women. Female’s put in revealing uniforms and tight outfits not only continues to justify women as sexual objects, but it adds to the social stereotype that volleyball players (and women of any other sport) are to have a desired body type and/or height. As this article points out, not all women’s sports conform. Basketball is well noted for the player’s lack of accentuating a consistency with the pattern of displaying women as sexual objects. As a result, however, we see Basketball become one of the most notoriously unwatched of all women’s sports, especially in comparison to one such as tennis or gymnastics where uniforms promote female figures. Because of such revealing clothes, women have become sexualized in combination with their achievements instead of their raw talents being the main reason for their achievements.
Chan, Susan K. O’Reilly, Jean. (2007) “Women and Sports in the United States”
Northeastern University Press. Lebanon, NH. Text.